(2007) and Onodera et al. Such a bias caused by a small number of individuals must be considered in interpreting the overall dietary characteristics of a population with the number of reads. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 180 0 R/Type/Page>> Data on the population dynamics of Apodemus species (Saitoh et al. endobj All the treatment of live animals followed guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists (Sikes et al. While the 2 Apodemus species shared a species of Fagaceae as major dietary resource, their diets differed in terms of the other plant items. 2); effects of minor dietary items were relatively weakened in the diets of A. speciosus. Overlapping of resource requirements between sympatric species can create interspecific competitive or facilitative effects on the foraging behaviour of herbivores. This clip is from a 2015 Holiday Lecture Series, Patterns and Processes in Ecology. This can be explained partly by the low niche breadth of A. speciosus at this time (especially the observation that species in the Ulmaceae were observed to dominate in June diets; Figs. Chang Y(1)(2), Song S(1), Li A(1), Zhang Y(1), Li Z(1)(3), Xiao Y(1), Jiang T(1), Feng J(1)(2)(3), Lin A(1)(4). Present address of TSh: Department of Wildlife Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Japan, Present address of DK: Department of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan, Jun J Sato, Takuya Shimada, Daisuke Kyogoku, Taketo Komura, Shigeru Uemura, Takashi Saitoh, Yuji Isagi, Dietary niche partitioning between sympatric wood mouse species (Muridae: Apodemus) revealed by DNA meta-barcoding analysis, Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 99, Issue 4, 13 August 2018, Pages 952–964, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy063. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 78 0 R/Type/Page>> The study site is covered by snow from December to May, making the sampling of the wood mice more difficult. Several complementary mechanisms have been identified, including differential consumption of grasses versus nongrasses and spatiotemporal … 55 0 obj Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 139 0 obj Seasonal changes in the niche breadth (A) and niche overlap (B) of Apodemus argenteus and A. speciosus based on the number of occurrences of plant taxa in the diet. Trophic Structure and Dietary Niche Partitioning Using Stable Isotope Analysis. Supplementary Data SD1.—Information on samples collected. In this study we aimed to improve our understanding of species coexistence. Dietary profiles of Apodemus argenteus (A) and A. speciosus (B) summarized based on plant families. 2014; Kartzinel et al. 2015). endobj Galetti, M., R. R.Rodarte, C. L.Neves, M.Moreira, and R. Costa-Pereira. <> Annual precipitation is 1,410 mm, and maximum snow depth is 275 cm. These dominances of the specific individuals in the number of reads may exaggerate the proportions of Rutaceae and Urticaceae in comparison with the occurrence data (Figs. 2008; Cooper et al. 2015). 2015). 5G based on the occurrences data). Our findings support this assertion and imply that dietary divergence is … The diversity of these major diet items was clearly different in the 2 species. However, it is not clear what specific ecological niche differences enable phylogenetically overdispersed sympatric mammals in Japan to coexist. a Numbers of reads assigned to the family. Interspecific competitive interactions may be asymmetric; antagonistic effects from A. speciosus to A. argenteus may be greater than the opposite because of their body sizes (Sekijima and Sone 1994). 2015) with the default randomization algorithm, ra3 (Lawlor 1980). H��W�n�H}�W�Q,�d7�ɗf&�l����@�ł�(��Ԓ����T5u�=�E ��K�����^��,�E��9�ޚ$��vW�>�����W?�^���&���Mf�a�^��@K�ջ����,��n��8I��>W3��8��6���,f>�ck3;��]�͟뾎Y�c7�Wm�}�elf�oQ��y��]��J5��r6o�u���O˧ia�-���{�v56]�H�8��[\���ۈ�b6��G���;H�6=Kb[ZC�߮��Mt��7|Lb�{/������Y��bç��*϶�z��l�K)��JN��ξiJ��C���e�R;9��Hj�Qy�5�yh�Րb��$q��lA*I���}�KQ���K�6�����f|d��ټ�.˒u�����0Vv wΎ7��ci;�g��S�P���-����%�h�T���Xe�Kg��yS`�/b_>���R.�g �B,J9&I��b��U_�5K�Y�f���#ծC�I�?��Qh�ғ��C�]�^�����c�53�}��$��~#�Ǥ�'O�9XH5��O/�(+Y֚ר���&��*���i�1���j2��6�5�(��!Y��'Ѱ�{�8z2���!J��ik%�����/�N��bՈr��C�P��&KV���`��$|e���З�'���Z�3��Q�ɞ�wQ dk�K��"K7Md�>�?.�줿�������&�o��">��\%��x��X��^K�b The example above is only one example of niche partitioning. 6. In addition to the binary occurrence data, we also examined the number of the sequence reads generated from the NGS method quantitatively. Among 8 detected sequences identified as the Poaceae species in the BLAST search, 4 sequences showed the highest similarity with the sequence of the oat, Avena sativa, that was used as a bait for trapping mice (30,219 and 17,428 reads for A. argenteus and A. speciosus, respectively; Supplementary Data SD3). b Numbers of occurrence among the Apodemus individuals that ate dietary items that could not be assigned to taxa below family level. Here we assessed this mechanism by testing its core assumption, that evolved differences in foraging behavior correspond with differences in resources consumed. Based on these results, they considered that the extent of the consumption of dietary tannins might differ between the species due to their feeding habits. During early part of lactation, dry matter intake remains suboptimum thus dairy cow is unable to meet out production requirements though intake. There is geographic variation in the breeding season of A. argenteus and A. speciosus along the Japanese archipelago (once or twice per year—Fujimaki 1969, 1970; Yoshida 1972; Murakami 1977), but, in Hokkaido, the majority of breeding activity occurs once from April to September (peak is in July to August) for A. argenteus (Fujimaki 1969, 1970) and once from April to September (peak is in April to June) for A. speciosus (Kondo and Abe 1977). Using BLAST, we performed homology searches for the 51 sequences obtained. Traps were set at 10-m intervals in 2–4 grids (ca. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 18 0 R/Type/Page>> Sixteen plant families were present in the diets of both mouse species, while 5 families (Apiaceae, Astraceae, Celastraceae, Rosaceae, and Salicaceae) were found only in the diet of A. argenteus, and 6 families only in the diet of A. speciosus (Apocynaceae, Araceae, Cannabaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Urticaeae). We are grateful to Y. Akimoto, A. Akimoto, R. Onodera, and H. Wakabayashi for their assistance with fieldwork to capture mice and collect fecal samples, and the staff of the Uryu Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University, for providing support for the field investigation. 2015; Nakahara et al. Yang Chang. 2016). See Supplementary Data SD1 for concentration and purity of the isolated DNA. Thus, it is interesting that A. speciosus, which has a greater tolerance of tannins, consumed the Fraxinus species in autumn (when Fraxinus species produce seeds) more frequently than A. argenteus. Sept. and Oct. are abbreviations for September and October, respectively. These results suggest that A. argenteus and A. speciosus partition themselves by adopting a generalist and a specialist strategy, respectively. A long-term assessment of the diets is needed for deeper understanding of the coexistence mechanism of the 2 Apodemus species. <> A few decades of habitat fragmentation has reduced population genetic diversity: a case study of landscape genetics of the large Japanese field mouse. Generally, the result from the number of reads was consistent with that from the binary occurrences except for some differences observed for Rutaceae and Urticaceae (see “Discussion” for the reason of these differences; Figs. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 215 0 R/Type/Page>> Statistical significance for niche overlap was assessed using the EcoSimR package for R (Gotelli et al. According to the competitive exclusion principle, when 2 similar species are limited by the same resource, competition will eventually exclude 1 from the community unless they are able to use resources differently (Hardin 1960). 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