C) a fragment of an asteroid from the solar system that has fallen to Earth's surface. Giant planets in more distant orbits have also been detected through imaging and gravitational microlensing surveys . 3) What do we mean when we say that the Sun is in gravitational equilibrium? 27) How do we know what goes on under the surface of the Sun? What kinds of planets are easiest to detect with each method? A) Earth-mass, in Earth-like orbits. It applies to both sound and light (although they are somewhat different mathematically). More extrasolar planets were later detected by observing the variation of the star’s apparent luminosity as an orbiting planet transited in front of it. Which of the following do we learn about the planet? yes, by measuring both the star's orbital period and its change in velocity over the orbit. D) remains the same, but the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of four. The Doppler Effect Wails and Redshifts . Their masses are similar to Jupiter but they are very close to the central star and therefore hot. Notice the four locations marked by the bold numbers 1 through 4. Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. A) minimum mass. C) The rate of nuclear fusion in the Sun peaks about every 11 years. The velocity change of the star is a measure of the planet's mass and orbital distance A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. Since the 1990s, astronomers have been monitoring nearby stars looking for evidence of Doppler shifts caused by orbiting planets. If you have ever heard the changing pitch of a siren as it passed by, you have experienced the Doppler Shift first hand. 12) Which of the following statements about apparent and absolute magnitudes is true? The Doppler technique only provides a measure of the minimum mass of a planet because Each dot on this graph represents an extrasolar planet; the green dots (labeled) represent planets of our own solar system. 16) Which of the following statements about spectral types of stars is true? A) detection of reflected light by the planet, 5) Most of the planets discovered around other stars. 35) A star of spectral type G lives approximately how long on the main sequence? Much to the astronomy communities amazement, the first planet discovered via this technique was roughly half the size of Jupiter, but on an orbit significantly smaller than Mercury's! 24) The depth of the dip in a star's brightness due to the transit of a planet depends most directly. In November 1995, the scientists published their findings in the journal Nature; the … D) We see many sunspots on the surface of the Sun. Amateur astronomers are able to detect extrasolar planets with backyard telescopes using the transit method. Choose the correct statement describing the Doppler method. 26) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where on the main sequence would we find stars that. B) Jupiter-mass, in Jupiter-like orbits. 9) Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly A) Earth-mass, in Earth-like orbits. D) all of the above . 38) In a pulsating variable star, which characteristic of the star changes dramatically with time? 30) Why are neutrinos so difficult to detect? SIM PlanetQuest was a US project (cancelled in 2010) that would have had similar exoplanet finding capabilities to Gaia. Much to the astronomy communities amazement, the first planet discovered via this technique was roughly half the size of Jupiter, but on an orbit significantly smaller than Mercury's! the amount and frequency of the star's motion are both higher. Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits If every star had an Earth-like planet in an Earth-like orbit, how many could be detected by a transit? Armed with state-of-the-art telescopes and other high-tech tools, astronomers are spotting new worlds at an astonishing rate. Today, the leading hypothesis for the existence of hot Jupiters is that they formed in their outer solar systems and then migrated inward. Astronomers have discovered more planets around other stars than in our Solar System. 13) Why do we sometimes observe asteroids at the distances of the gaps in the asteroid belt? As of 2006, around 200 extrasolar planets have been identified using the radial velocity technique. 37) Which of the following luminosity classes refers to stars on the main sequence? 36) Which of the following is true about low-mass stars compared to high-mass stars? 34) A star of spectral type O lives approximately how long on the main sequence? 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